http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/fclj/vol52/iss3/9/
Comments on and Outlines of Benkler (2000)
I. Introduction (p. 561)
Technology now makes possible the attainment of decentralization and democratization by enabling small groups of constituents and individuals to become users—participants in the production of their information environment—rather than by lightly regulating concentrated commercial mass media to make them better serve individuals conceived as passive consumers. (Benkler, 2010, p. 562)
[我的論點是：大專中文教科書使用者被當作 passive learners. 以及教科書使用者被當作 examination participants 而非 active learners.]
Structural media regulation in the twenty-first century must, in turn, focus on enabling a wide distribution of the capacity to produce and disseminate information as a more effective and normatively attractive approach to serve the goals that have traditionally animated structural media regulation. (Benkler, 2010, p. 562)
[normative: expressing value or judgments, contrasted with stating facts. normative economics.]
[我的論點是：大專中文教科書使用者被當作 passive learners. 以及教科書使用者被當作 examination participants 而非 active learners.]
Structural media regulation in the twenty-first century must, in turn, focus on enabling a wide distribution of the capacity to produce and disseminate information as a more effective and normatively attractive approach to serve the goals that have traditionally animated structural media regulation. (Benkler, 2010, p. 562)
[normative: expressing value or judgments, contrasted with stating facts. normative economics.]
[peer 在本研究出現10次，這是第1次，但全文沒有定義 peer. The network should be a system or an infrastructure. Why is the network identified as one of peer users or one of active producers?]
[abound: proliferate, overflow, flourish, thrive, swell, swarm, crowd]
[implicate: to connect or relate to intimately; affect as a consequence]
This enclosure raises the costs of becoming a user—rather than a consumer—of information and undermines the possibility of becoming a producer/user of information for reasons other than profit, by means other than sales.(Benkler, 2010, p. 562)
The fundamental commitment of democracy to secure "the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources," which has traditionally animated structural media regulation, should be on securing a significant component of the information environment for creative use by users. To implement such an agenda would require a focus on identifying resources necessary for the production and exchange of information and fashioning regulatory policies that make access to and use of these resources equally and ubiquitously. (Benkler, 2010, p. 563)
[以上內容可用於評論翻譯教科書內容，或中文教科書內容對私校學生不公平。]
Developing a series of commons in such resources is an important mode of implementation of this commitment. Other modes could include access and carriage requirements aimed specifically at making possible the development of a network of peer users.
Identifying and sustaining commons and securing access to communicative resources are more important focuses for information policy concerned with democracy than assuring that there are eight rather than three broadcast networks or that no two networks are under common ownership.
II. At the Crossroads (p. 563)
The basic structure of mass media markets emerged in the middle of the nineteenth century. Harold Innis (1951) and James Beniger (1986) have described how the development of high volume, high cost mechanized printing presses and the telegraph changed the enterprise of the press from a local,
small circulation medium for political and public discourse to a mass scale demand management system. As Innis (1951) put it, journalists became people who write on the back of advertisements. After the introduction of broadcast, a series of business and regulatory decisions channeled this new
small circulation medium for political and public discourse to a mass scale demand management system. As Innis (1951) put it, journalists became people who write on the back of advertisements. After the introduction of broadcast, a series of business and regulatory decisions channeled this new
II. Why Users? Democracy, Personal Autonomy, and Communication (p. 565)
[但 autonomy 僅出現二次，一在 p. 561 的目錄，另一在此子標題中，卻從未在內容中出現。]
the Court has steadily developed an understanding that decentralization of information production is a policy that serves values central to the First Amendment.
"It is the purpose of the First Amendment to preserve an uninhibited marketplace of ideas in which truth will ultimately prevail, rather than to countenance monopolization of that market, whether it be by the Government itself or a private licensee."
III. Why users? Democracy, personal autonomy, and communication
the Court has steadily developed an understanding that decentralization of information production is a policy that serves values central to the First Amendment.
"It is the purpose of the First Amendment to preserve an uninhibited marketplace of ideas in which truth will ultimately prevail, rather than to countenance monopolization of that market, whether it be by the Government itself or a private licensee."
IV. Reproduction of the Consumer-Producer of the Consumer-Producer Relationship at the Content Layer (p. 568)
This results in a relatively small number of producers able to fund full-time authoring and pay
licensing fees to use existing information, who attempt to recover their investments by capturing wide audiences. Opposite these producers is a wide, passive audience of consumers constrained to select what they buy from a narrow, relatively homogenous menu of choices intended to guess what a large number of them will select under these conditions. These producers, in turn, make up the political lobby for continuing the basic structure as it is. This political economy is responsible for an extensive enclosure movement that has pushed our intellectual property law toward ever-increasing centralization, and has squelched concerns that this galloping propertization is attained at the expense both of innovation and of robust democratic discourse that a well-balanced intellectual property law
could serve. (Benkler, 2000, p. 570)
V. Reproduction of the Consumer-Producer of the Consumer-Producer Relationship at the Logical Layer (p. 570)
V. Reproduction of the consumer-producer relationship at the logical layer
VIII. From property and free/affordable perception to commons and ubiquitous access
IX. Conclusion
The emergence of the digitally networked environment makes possible the development of a robust, open social conversation in which all can participate as peers. This technological and economic possibility is not, however, preordained. (Benkler, 2000, p. 579)
(建構中。開工日 2014/08/08.)
STAP假論文作者上司 疑自殺身亡 http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstNews/201408055001-1.aspx
Academic Ethics and Integrity. http://www.pmc.edu/academic-ethics-and-integrity
幽蘭(Yolaine Escande)作者、作者性與作品著作權
Author, Authorship, Authority, and Authenticity in Chinese Visual Arts
哲學與文化 ，42(11)，25-36。
中國書畫 ； 作者 ； 權威 ； 作者性 ； 真實性 ； 正式性 ； Chinese Painting ； Author ； Authorship ； Authority ； Authenticity
沒有留言:
張貼留言